Religion and Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Religion and Science - Essay Example This is due to the fact that some scientists turn out to be religious and some religious leaders also are scientists. This paper provides critical comments regarding three different questions that comprise of controversy between science and theology. The first exercise concerns Copernicus theory, postulated by a great scientist called Copernicus. Copernicus was a University trained Catholic priest dedicated to astronomy (Russell 59). Ancient scientists, theologians and philosophers strived to explain how the world operates and how it came into existence. Copernicus was not an exceptional. He endeavored to explain planets and the sun are interrelated. According to the astronomical method developed by Copernicus, the sun is positioned at the center of the universe with the Earth and other planets revolving around it in circular paths modified by epicycles and at uniform speeds. The model postulated by Copernicus deviated from an earlier model, the Ptolemaic system that had prevailed in western countries for centuries that placed the earth at the center of the universe (Russell 92). Although the Copernicus theory could predict accurately the relative distance of the planets from the sun it could not produce more accurate predictions of planetary positions. It appeared not to agree with common sense and also contradict the bible. Basing, on theological, physical and astronomical perspectives some thinkers like Tycho Brahe, objected the idea by Copernicus of the earth moving. Probably that might have been the reason why theologians rejected Copernicus theory, even though Copernicus had dedicated his book to the Pope (Russell 79). Seen as a smart move, Copernicus book’s publisher, Oisander, added a preface that seemed to shield Copernicus from any wrong doing .The publisher stated in the preface that the theory of the earth’s motion was put forward as theory and not as a conclusion suggesting it was the absolute truth. The approach

Sexual harassment opinions

Sexual harassment opinions Effects Sexual harassment often has adverse effects on the victims performance at work. Both the quantity and the quality of work may suffer, as well as the employees morale, attendance, and ability to work with others. Sexual harassment can cause employers losses in productivity and can lead to greater employee turnover and use of sick leave. The harassment can also harm the victims psychological and physical well-being. Sexual harassment can also have indirect effects ?p society. Many feminist scholars consider sexual harassment to be a form of oppression that men use to maintain male-dominated power structures. Women in fields of work that men have traditionally occupied-such as the military, law enforcement, and fire fighting-experience higher rates of sexual harassment. Some researchers assert that regardless of whether harassment is an intentional attempt to oppress girls and women, it contributes to lower achievement by women in society. Power differences between men and women, result from societys traditional sex-role stereotyping and is a major cause of sexual harassment. ? culture tending to place males into greater positions of power than females would expect to have women file a higher rate of sexual harassment complaints because they occupy positions of less authority. When unequal?al power relationships between the sexes are rooted in cultural experiences, work co?texts can provide a foundation legitimizing sexual harassment in the workplace. Cultural conditioning can create an environment conducive to sexually harassing behaviours. Expectations that women are passive and submissive and that men are aggressive and dominant create situations conducive to these behaviours. ? sexually harassing and hostile workplace can establish specific patterns of verbal and nonverbal communication creating unequal power relationships between men and women. PSYCHOLOGICAL OPINIONS ABOUT SEXUAL HARASSMENT CLAIMS While psychologists may offer an opinion regarding the connection between a traumatic event and emotional injury in an accident, that is less clear in sexual harassment. ?he emotional trauma experienced by the victim of sexual harassment is based ?p perceptions about the behaviour of others by the victim. Psychologists are not qualified to determine if sexual harassment took place, because that is a legal question, not a psychological one. However, psychologists can offer an opinion regarding whether a particular action by one individual can reasonably lead t? emotional distress in p another individual. Most of the time, psychologists are asked to evaluate victims of sexual harassment t? assess whether they are exhibiting any psychological distress, and whether that distress appears to be related to specific events ?p the part of another person. ?he court must then decide whether those actions were appropriate ?G legal. Some individuals misinterpret harmless, reasonable behaviour as malicious and specifically directed at themselves. Diagnostically this is called ideas of reference. ?his would suggest an individual with some type of psychological problem who overreacts t? reasonable behaviour because of their own perception of the world and the other person. ?his often occurs in individuals with personality disorders, paranoid disorders, ?G other psychological problems that might involve delusions ?G extreme exaggerations of negative events in their lives. ?therefore, psychological evaluations in sexual harassment cases also focus ?p the expectations of the victim, and whether the victim presents with psychological symptoms which result in exaggerated negative conclusions about others. For example, a persons boss is of a different sex than the person. The worker believes that the boss is sexist and discriminates against the workers sex. ?he worker requests to work on a specific project, but its not chosen. The worker assumes the choice was based on sexist behaviour, rather than merit ?G chance. ?he worker experiences a number of events like this over time, and feels harassed because of it, resulting in depression. Is this sexual harassment? ?he answer depends ?p many factors, such as alternative · reasons for not selecting the worker, whether the worker was selected positively ?p other occasions, whether other individuals had credentials which led to choosing them instead, and whether other individuals of the same sex as the worker experienced similar problems and perceptions. In addition to evaluating the presence ?G absence of psychological disorders, psychologists may also offer opinions regarding whether a persons expectations are reasonable, based on the circumstances. Many psychological problems result when we expect people to treat us in an unrealistically positive way. These cases are not clear cut, because they are not based solely ?p the identification of a psychological problem. Ultimately, the court will decide whether there is sufficient evidence to conclude that sexual harassment took place. Although sexual harassment is not specifically included in Title of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in USA, it flows by regulation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) from sex discrimination. It is defined as unwelcome sexual advances requests for sexual fa?ours and other ?verbal ?G physical/ conduct of a sexual/ nature, when linked to employment conditions, as part of a quid pro quo for employment decisions ?G when it creates an offensive, hostile work environment. Sexual harassment behaviours range from sexual innuendo, touching, and flirtatious remarks, to clear-cut sexual assault and rape. Often these are accompanied by retaliation against the victim for reporting it. It is estimated by some that up to 60% of victims ignore sexual harassment, believing that if they complain it will only cause more harm. In recent years, however, sexual harassment litigation has been increasing dramatically. In the past five or six years the EEOC reports that these complaints have almost tripled in number and by the year 2000 it is predicted that they will double again. What sexual harassment is and whether or not it occurred are legal and factual matters, but invariably psychological issues become embroiled in them and psychological opinions are frequently presented as part of the claim. These opinions are usually ones which either clarify the claim or define the damage. Psychological opinions which attempt to clarify the claim are the most controversial because they draw conclusions or make inferences about factual matters. Since many times it is only the word of the victim against the harasser, these opinions can tip the scales one way or another. Sometimes psychologists who give such opinions, and who may be acting in good faith, do not realize that they are entering a non-psychological area. This is in part because psychologists in a treatment relationship with a patient claiming sexual harassment need to validate the seriousness of the patients experience if they are to be helpful. But taking that clinical validation to a courtroom is another story. This is why treating psychologists are inherently biased if they are performing their clinical job well. This is also why independent experts, whose scope of inquiry is broader and who are not allied to the patient, may be in a more objective position to give opinions. Regardless of who is giving the opinion, mental health science has not reached the level of sophistication or accuracy to be able to determine whether an alleged sexual harassment incident actually occurred. No constellation of symptoms, mental status appearance, or psychological test results can do that. Even if suspect factors such a bizarre psychotic account, gross inconsistencies, obvious manipulation or marked personality predisposition are not present, psychologists dont really know who is Iying, who is fantasizing, and who is embellishing. However, opinions about a victims behaviour in the harassment situation may be appropriate, especially when a fact finder might not understand it otherwise. So, for example, explaining that victims often remain silent because of economic necessity, fear of retaliation, intimidation and powerlessness, or embarrassment may be helpful. But, care must be taken not to conclude that this victim who may have responded that way was, therefore, harassed; in addition, psychological opinions can help clarify typical response patterns that a victim of sexual harassment exhibits. Reactions such as guilt, self-blame, minimization and denial of harassment ?G even disconnecting onself emotionally from the uncomfortable events are not ?unusual .Without an understanding of those types of responses, a victim may be incriminated as inconsistent with having been harassed. Again, focusing on the general pattern of trauma response is not the same as concluding that harassment occurred. Psychological opinions in sexual harassment claims often ignore more complex organizational and workplace dynamics which form the background of many of these claims. Without input from people at the workplace and review of employment files, the account of the alleged victim stands in isolation from many potential contributing factors. It is not uncommon, for example, for personnel issues such as poor performance, reprimands and warnings, or fear of termination to present a crisis for which a sexual harassment claim serves as a convenient solution. Psychological evaluations which explore all aspects of the work environment, interpersonal relationships there, and work performance can provide a more balanced view of the relative seriousness of the known stressors, Another area for psychological opinions is identifying personality traits ?G personality disorders which may have created or contributed to the claim. First of all, not all sexual harassment is actionable. It must be severe or pervasive enough to create an objectively hostile or abusive work environment. Similarly, if the claimant is a not a reasonable woman of normal sensitivity, her claim may not prevail. ? number of personality disorders can play an important role in employment litigation and provide an alternative explanation of the claimants emotional distress. For e?ample, histrionic personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, anti-social personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and paranoid personality disorder are just a few descriptions of people who have unusual sensitivity or are predisposed to maladaptive ways of dealing with others. If there is a clear history ?G pattern of such personality traits, then psychological opinions about them are imp ortant for a full understanding of events. Again, this does not mean that the psychological opinion can conclude that an event did not occur, in fact, individuals with some personality disorders may be vulnerable to victimization. Similarly, there may be a personality disorder that is present in the alleged harasser which can help explain a predatory pattern of conduct. A past history of sexual abuse can predispose a person to a variety of different reactions which may influence a later sexual harassment claim. Since the standard for Iiability in these claims is that of a reasonable woman who is not hypersensitive, the typical eggshell rule of common law does not apply expect as to damages. So, a person who has been previously abused may have developed fear, hyper vigilance, and an unusual sensitivity. In this context, even a trivial innocuous remark may produce an excessive reaction. Also, people with previous sexual abuse are at times people to repetition compulsion which means they have a tendency to repeat past behaviour in spite of the suffering that may have been associated with it. In essence, they recreate the earlier sexual abuse by placing themselves in a position to be abused again. The relevance here is for the defence of welcome ness since the sexual conduct in a sexual harassment claim must be unwelcome and not solicited by the claiman t. Finally, individuals who experienced sexual abuse may be so damaged that they fabricate later incidents of abuse as a way of venting their anger. Because of previous experiences, their ability to describe abuse can be quite sophisticated and believable. Psychological opinions in all of these areas can be important sources of clarification about the possible circumstances of a claim. Psychological opinions which define the damage are seemingly more straightforward since they are based ?p diagnostic criteria. Unfortunately, this is more complicated since the criteria for many mental disorders are arbitrary and easily met by someone just distressed and pursuing litigation. Also, while a psychological opinion may purport to only address emotional harm, it invariably infers that the harm springs from a particular opinion which, in fact, occurred. Tile most striking example is the controversial diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in which the trauma is built into the label. Although attempts have been made to identify specific and objective criteria for this condition, its rampant use in litigation attests to its subjectivity. Most individuals e?posed to a typical traumatic stressor do not develop PTSD, although following a rape the incidence can be high. Long-term lingering emotional symptoms in response to ordinary sexual harassment are unusual unless the nature of the harassment was particularly egregious and pervasive. Psychological opinions are routinely offered ?p emotional damages and the relative effects of alternative causes, the harm from litigation itself, and the secondary gain that comes from an expected financial award. !p traditional tort claims of negligence, the plaintiff must have suffered some harm. In sexual harassment claims, neither economic harm nor emotional harm is necessary. However the degree of damages awarded will undoubtedly be linked to psychological opinions which offer definition for the distress and the disorder suffered. Every individual has the right to work in an environment free from demeaning and humiliating sexual harassment. Laws that enforce that right are appropriate and help create parity for all workers. But the increase in sexual harassment claims also raises social questions. What behaviours are normal, should be acceptable, and will always be a part of mens and womens relationships? What harm comes to individuals ?G classes of individuals when a power gradient is established through sexua1 intimidation? How can the workplace be sensitized and educated about this without becoming cynical? How can a person communicate sensitivity without retribution? How can we accurately distinguish whether a sexual harassment claim is really based ?p the circumstances alleged ?G just a means of empowerment in a confliction and insecure work environment? Psychological opinions may help on some of these questions, but social opinion and public policy will be required for equitable solutions.

Free Essays - A Lesson Before Dying :: Lesson Before Dying Essays

In the novel, A Lesson Before Dying, By Ernest Gaines, the main character, Grant Wiggins gives a man meaning in his last days alive. Wiggins gives him a book to write his thoughts in, and helps him to realize that he is not a â€Å"hog.† He shows him that he is truly a good person, and that he should die with his head up, knowing that he led a worthy and honest life. Mr. Wiggins changed greatly through the story, from a cold school teacher to an open hearted and caring man. This helped his relationship with others as well as Jefferson. Through his changing, he became the one man that Jefferson could trust. In a rural town in Louisiana in the late 1940's a poorly educated young black man, Jefferson, is in the wrong place at the wrong time: he is in a bar with two friends when they murder the white bartender. Jefferson is unfairly convicted of murder and sentenced to the electric chair by a white judge and jury. His defense lawyer, in an attempt to ward off the death sentence, labels him a "hog"--and it is this label that Jefferson's godmother wants disproved. She enlists the help of a plantation school teacher, Grant Wiggins, who at first isn’t too keen on the idea of helping a crook. Wiggins agrees to talk with Jefferson only out of a sense of duty--he is an unhappy, angry man who dreamt of escape from his deprived childhood yet returned to his hometown after a university education to teach in the same one-room parish school he attended. Despite humiliation at the hands of the white sheriff, Jefferson's lack of cooperation, and his own sense of futility and uncertain faith, Wiggins forges a bond with Jefferson that leads to wisdom and courage for both. At first, Jefferson sees himself as a hog, and nothing but a hog. It takes Wiggins much time and strength to convince him that he should live his last days with pride and dignity. Jefferson looks at the entire situation as his fault and will only do what Miss Emma and Tante Lou see fit for him to do. â€Å"If that’s what they want, Jefferson said.† â€Å"No, not what they want; what you want, says Grant†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"If that’s what they want, I’m go’n die anyhow, says Jefferson.†(p.135) Wiggins begins his teaching as he has taught for years, which is not allowing it to change his life.

Fancy Footwork

Most countries have their own cultural traditions, and China is no exception. Street dancing is not very popular in the United States, especially in Sacramento, since people have busy life styles and urban management law enforcement. Sometimes people go to clubs dancing when they have free time or hang out with friends. However, in China, we can see a lot of ladies dancing in square or open spaces like parks or parking lots during morning time or after dinner time. People can join the street dances everywhere from big cities to small towns. Many community owners and residents oppose the square dance in the community due to their loud music, and some people think this loud music has seriously affected their lives, so residents expelled dancing ladies at the beginning. As time went by, people started to accept and adjust to the environment around them. Street dances have become one aspect of culture in China. Moreover, it is also considered a social phenomenon in China. The streets have become a colorful world at night. Why? Since there are elderly people or middle-aged people enjoy the dancing in the square. Some people dance and sing, other people are into fitness, and some naughty children follow the funny action of the dancing ladies. Even though the dancers are old, they still have vibrant vitality and graceful dance posture. They are well-behaved and rhythmic. They have neatly arranged team, and the people dressed uniform clothing wearing a blue and white T-shirt, trousers, and white gloves, really like the people's liberation army in the military parade. My grandma couldn't help to join the team when she saw the spectacular scenery. When I was a child, my grandma always took me to the square dance because it was her routine. Her joints are flexible and soft like snakes. Her beautiful dance leisurely soft like butterfly flying and smooth wicker twisting. Street dance in the Chinese mainland; both north and south are very common, mostly participants experienced the Cultural Revolution generations of the elderly. In China, the middle-aged and elderly women who dance at street dance have been given the title of â€Å"Guang Chang Da Ma Wu† which is street dance. Accompanied by elegant music and lightweight pace of dancers, people know where they should go for dancing, and usually they have stable places. Although sometimes rain couldn't stop their activities, they go to indoor grounds. Many people join the street dancing because it is very cheap and avoid traffic to go far away to clubs. For example, it is reported as being 5 RMB per month. It depends where you live. If you live in the big cities like Guangzhou, Shanghai, or Beijing, it will be about 20 RMB, which is three dollars. I still enjoyed dinner with my family while the music is open as loud as trains outside of my home. It is very convenient being next door. It seems to tell people that it is time go out dancing. When foreign tourists travel to China, they are completely impression by â€Å"Guang Chang Da Ma Wu†. They may think dancers are so ridiculous since they play loud music and occupy a lot of public places; also, they annoy many other residents. Because so many dancers like to dance very early in the morning, for example, around 6:00am, this does not allow sleeping-in on weekends. The noise also bothers some people at work when the dancers are active during working hours. Additionally, this can cause a lot of trafficproblems and displace other sports. Street dancing seems weird in other countries, but it creates a good atmosphere of helping, learning, exchange of feeling, friendship, growth of knowledge and fitness, bringing together people of different levels qualities and interests. When I look back at the life in China, I have vivid images of the street dance around my home in my head. Loud music has been coming in my ear which seems to have happened yesterday. â€Å"Guang Chang Da Ma Wu† has become significant, not only in my family, but it is a major culture of Chinese society. Street dance has become the soul of Chinese culture. It is inherited from generation to generation.

Criticism of Quitak’s Child observation Essay

Quitak first explains that she is â€Å"working on the assumption that the problematic aspects of our experience contain the maximum potential†. However I think it is important to clarify from the outset, how she reached this assumption, as the reader does not know whether she went into the observation with this belief or whether these assumptions were developed as a result of her observation. There is another important omission relating to who the author actually is. She hasn’t positively stated that she is a Social Work student, although this is implied when she states that her observations had â€Å"implications for social work.† Therefore it is difficult to ascertain her purpose for carrying out the observations. Furthermore Quitak fails to mention how she came to select the child included in her observations, how many observation sessions took place and the length of the sessions. Therefore the reader is unable to assess whether there were any issues of bias involved in her selection process. The fact that she is the product of English middle class parents means she may be going into the study with particular assumptions, as she is observing a child who has a Palestinian parent. A significant area which was lacking in her observations was her inability to â€Å"tune in to Selena’s inner world† (pg 250), although Quitak does acknowledge this omission. She didn’t really try to question and understand Selena’s behaviour or how she might be feeling when she demonstrated behaviour she didn’t like, which meant her observation suffered as a result. King (2010) stresses the importance of â€Å"to access the child’s emotional world†.

Alice Walker essays

Alice Walker essays Alice Walker was born on February 9, 1944 in Eaton, Georgia . She was the youngest of eight children. Her parents were sharecroppers. Walker grew up in a racial area . In 1952 Alice Walker brother accidential shot her in the right eye with a BB gun. Alice eye was disfigured and made her feel ugly, taking away her confidence. She was very shy and not out going. When she turned fourteen, her brother paid for her to have an operation to correct the problem. Following the operation she was able to gain her confidence back. In her senior year of high school, she became the Queen of her prom. In 1960 her had change became a activist . Due to the accident, walker wasw able to get scholarship given by the Georgia Department of Rehabilitation. Plus she all already had a academic scholarship. She was headed to Spelman College. After sophomore year , Walker received another scholarship to Sarah Lawrence College. The end of summer year she went to East Africa, to build a school in Kenya. Alice Walker graduate in 1965. In 1966 she received her writing grant. In 1967 she wrote The Third Life of Grange Copeland . Between the years 1966-1981 she went threw a lot racism ,marriage having children ,being depressed , because she was a women and black. People want to kill her because she married a Jew. Won many awards like American Academy , Institution s and letters all sorts of things but in 1982. I believe Alice Walker had a dramatic change around she published The Color Purple which talks about how two women love same man . How he took advantage over both of them a beat them and sex. This is ironic because she was treaty in the same by white people . I believe this book should why she didnt like black men because how the attack. This book was so wonderful . That in 1983 she receive the first black woman Pulitzer Prize for fiction. In 1985 Steven Spielbe...

The Population of Los Angeles, California

The Population of Los Angeles, California The Los Angeles population can be looked at in a variety of ways- it can refer to the population of the City of Los Angeles, the County of Los Angeles, or to the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area, each of which is considered to be L.A. Los Angeles County, for instance, contains  88 cities including the City of Los Angeles, Long Beach, Santa Clarita, Glendale, and Lancaster, as well as several unincorporated communities whose combined population makes it the largest county in the United States in terms of occupancy. The demographics of these populations is also varied and diverse, depending on where in Los Angeles and LA County you look. In total, the population of Los Angeles is about 50 percent white, nine percent African American, 13 percent Asian, about one percent Native American or Pacific Islander, 22 percent from other races, and about 5 percent from two or more races. Population by City, County, and Metro Area The City of Los Angeles is a very large one, it is the nations second-largest city (following New York City). The January  2016 population estimate according to the California Department of Finance for the population of the City of Los Angeles was 4,041,707. The County of Los Angeles is the largest county in the United States based on population, and according to the California Department of Finance, the LA County population as of January 2017 was 10,241,278. LA County is home to 88 cities, and the population of those cities varies from 122 people in Vernon to nearly four million in the City of Los Angeles. The largest cities in LA County are: Los Angeles: 4,041,707Long Beach: 480,173Santa Clarita: 216,350Glendale: 201,748Lancaster: 157,820 The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, California Combined Statistical Area as of 2011 as 18,081,569. The LA metro population is the countrys second largest, following New York City (New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA). This Combined Statistical Area includes the Metropolitan Statistical Areas of Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, and Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura. Demographics and Population Growth Although most of the population of the Los Angeles metropolitan area is centralized in the City of Los Angeles, its diverse population is spread over 4,850 square miles (or 33,954 square miles for the wider statistical area), with several of the cities serving as gathering spots for specific cultures. For instance, of the 1,400,000 Asians living in Los Angeles,  a majority live in Monterey Park, Walnut, Cerritos, Rosemead, San Gabriel, Rowland Heights, and Arcadia while  the majority of the  844,048 African Americans that live in LA live in View Park-Windsor Hills, Westmont, Inglewood, and Compton. In 2016, Californias population grew but just under one percent, adding a total of over 335,000 residents to the state. While much of this growth was spread across the state, nine counties in northern and eastern California saw a decrease in population, which is a trend thats existed for the better part of the last 10 years. The largest of these growth changes, though, happened in Los Angeles County, which added 42,000 people to its population, increasing it for the first time to over four million residents.

The Healing Uses of Artificial Skin

The Healing Uses of Artificial Skin Artificial skin is a substitute for human skin produced in the laboratory, typically used to treat severe burns. Different types of artificial skin differ in their complexity, but all are designed to mimic at least some of the skin’s basic functions, which include protecting against moisture and infection and regulating body heat. How Artificial Skin Works Skin is primarily made of two layers: the uppermost layer, the epidermis, which serves as a barrier against the environment; and the dermis, the layer below the epidermis which makes up roughly 90 percent of the skin. The dermis also contains the proteins collagen and elastin, which help give the skin its mechanical structure and flexibility. Artificial skins work because they close wounds, which prevents bacterial infection and water loss and helps the damaged skin to heal. For example, one commonly used artificial skin, Integra, consists of an â€Å"epidermis† made of silicone and prevents bacterial infection and water loss, and a â€Å"dermis† based on bovine collagen and glycosaminoglycan. The Integra â€Å"dermis† functions as an extracellular matrix – a structural support found between cells that helps regulate cell behavior – that induces a new dermis to form by promoting cell growth and collagen synthesis. The Integra â€Å"dermis† is also biodegradable and is absorbed and replaced by the new dermis. After several weeks, physicians replace the silicone â€Å"epidermis† with a thin layer of epidermis from another part of the patient’s body. Uses of Artificial Skin Treating burns:  Artificial skin is commonly used to treat burn injuries, especially if the patient does not have enough healthy skin that can be transplanted to the wound. In such cases, the body cannot generate skin cells quickly enough to heal the damaged skin, and the patient’s injury may become lethal due to significant fluid loss and infection. Artificial skin can thus be used to immediately close the wound and improve survival.Treating skin disorders:  Some artificial skin products like Apligraf have been used to treat chronic wounds on the skin, such as ulcers, which are open wounds that heal very slowly. They may also be applied to skin disorders like eczema and psoriasis, which often span a large portion of the body and may benefit from artificial skins laden with medicine, which can easily wrap around the affected area.Research in consumer products and medicine:  Aside from its uses in the clinical setting, artificial skin may also be used to model human skin for research. For example, artificial skin is used as an alternative to animal testing, which is often used to gauge how a cosmetics or medical product affects the skin. However, this testing may cause pain and discomfort to the animals and does not necessarily predict the response of human skin. Some companies like L’Orà ©al have already used artificial skin to test many chemical ingredients and products. Artificial skin may also simulate skin for other research applications, including how skin is affected by UV exposure and how chemicals in sunscreen and medicines are transported through skin. Types of Artificial Skin Artificial skins mimic either the epidermis or dermis, or both epidermis and dermis in a â€Å"full-thickness† skin replacement. Some products are based on biological materials like collagen, or biodegradable materials not found in the body. These skins can also include a non-biological material as another component, such as Integra’s silicone epidermis. Artificial skins have also been produced by growing sheets of skin live skin cells taken from the patient or other humans. One major source is the foreskins of newborns, taken after circumcision. Such cells often do not stimulate the body’s immune system- a property that allows fetuses to develop in their mother’s wombs without being rejected- and hence are much less likely to be rejected by the patient’s body. How Artificial Skin Differs From Skin Grafts Artificial skin should be differentiated from the skin graft, which is an operation in which healthy skin is removed from a donor and attached it to a wounded area. The donor is preferably the patient themself, but could also come from other humans, including cadavers, or from animals like pigs. However, artificial skin is also grafted onto a wounded area during treatments. Improving Artificial Skin for the Future Though artificial skin has benefited many people, a number of drawbacks can be addressed. For example, artificial skin is expensive as the process to make such skin is complex and time-consuming. Furthermore, artificial skin, as in the case of sheets grown from skin cells, can also be more fragile than their natural counterparts. As researchers continue to improve on these, and other, aspects, however, the skins that have been developed will continue to help save lives. References Brohem, C., da Silva Cardeal, L., Tiago, M., Soengas, M., de Moraes Barros, S., Maria-Engler, S. â€Å"Artificial skin in perspective: concepts and applications.† Pigment Cell Melanoma Research, 2011, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 35-50, doi: doi: 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2010.00786.x.Companies are making human skin in labs to curb animal testing of products, Bob Woods, CNBC.Cooper, G. â€Å"Cell walls and the extracellular matrix.† In The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd edition, 2000, Sunderland, MA, Sinauer Associates.Halim, A., Khoo, T., and Yussof, S. â€Å"Biologic and synthetic skin substitutes: An overview.† Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery, 2010, vol. 43, pp. S23-S28, doi: 10.4103/0970-0358.70712.Immortal skin, Rebecca Skloot, Popular Science.Integra Dermal Regeneration Template.Jones, I., Currie, L., and Martin, R. â€Å"A guide to biological skin substitutes.† British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 2002, vol. 55, pp. 185-193, doi: 10.1054/hips.2002.3800.Schulz, J., Tompkins, R., and Burke, J. â€Å"Artificial skin.† Annual Review of Medicine, 2000, vol. 51, pp. 231-244, doi: 10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.231. ‘Second skin’ goes on over your skin to smooth your wrinkles, Ike Swetlitz, STAT.Tompkins, R., and Burke, J. â€Å"Progress in burn treatment and the use of artificial skin.† World Journal of Surgery, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 819-824, doi: 10.1007/BF01670529.Varkey, M., Ding, J., and Tredget, E. â€Å"Advances in skin substitutes- Potential of tissue engineered skin for facilitating anti-fibrotic healing.† Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 2015, vol. 6, pp. 547-563, doi:10.3390/jfb6030547.Zhang, Z., and Michniak-Kohn, B. â€Å"Tissue engineered human skin equivalents.† Pharmaceutics, 2012, vol. 4, pp. 26-41, doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics4010026.

Strategicmanagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategicmanagement - Essay Example Its overall performance has been consistently very good and it is moving in the right direction by seeking advice as regards specific strategies and long term objectives in the current market scenario. Nonetheless, in spite of its stellar performance and status, CGC must steadily adapt to the current business practice of path-breaking forays that among things include globalization, mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, and excursions into unexplored regions notably the Middle East, South Asia and South-East Asia. The economical growth and social progress in these regions, despite their vicissitudes, uncertainties and filibustering elements provide the right environment and prospects for games like golf. Also, CGC must widen its range of product. Big players like Nike and Adidas have entered the golf market. It is time CGC made forays into some products manufactured and marketed by Nike, Adidas, etc, that are not currently in the list of products covered by CGC. Golf has fairly good presence in countries like China, Korea, and India. The game has attracted enough attention at elite business and social levels for formation of golf clubs which include acquisition of large tracts of land even in cities like Mumbai (Bombay) where real estate prices are among the highest in the world. GGC has encountered piracy problems in China, and undoubtedly the p... n at elite business and social levels for formation of golf clubs which include acquisition of large tracts of land even in cities like Mumbai (Bombay) where real estate prices are among the highest in the world. GGC has encountered piracy problems in China, and undoubtedly the problem does not exist in China alone. Apart from taking legal steps, there is the need to address the problem more pragmatically by entering the market through the front door in these regions. China and India have opened up to foreign investments like never before. The best way to begin operations is by getting hold of big names like Kapil Dev to endorse CGC products. Kapil Dev is a former cricketer and has tremendous fan following in India. Apart from Kapil Dev, there are other players, both current and retired, who play golf. Cost of Endorsements Getting big names like Kapil Dev to endorse is expensive. Conservatively, the price could be around US$ 10 million for five years. This is a rough estimate. Other Costs Other costs include sponsorship of golf events and players. It is difficult to provide precise figures. However, CWC could mark their presence with a budget of another US 6 million dollars for 3 years. It will be necessary to appoint an official representative who is conversant with golf to act on behalf of CGC. The annual cost for such a representative will be US$ 250,000 annually to cover salary, house rent and travel. Annual Budget Thus, the total annual budget will be as follows: 1) Endorsement by a big player US$ 2,000,000 2) Sponsorship of events and players US$ 2,000,000 3) Official Representative's salary, rent, travel US$ 250,000 4) Other promotional costs US$ 250,000 Total Cost US$ 4,500,000 Agenda for Return on Investments (ROI) It is not

Regulatory challenges raised by an increasingly wireless world Essay

Regulatory challenges raised by an increasingly wireless world - Essay Example This popularity is attributed to the recent discoveries and accomplishments done in the field of mobile communications such as mobile phones. Private firms are expected to invest at least 18 million in the United to States for the development of the next step in cutting edge wireless and mobile technologies (Frieden). One example that provides consumers of wireless communications a wide variety of advantages is the use of prepaid call cards. Like credit cards, prepaid cards eliminate the need to carry around cash often. It also allows the consumer to control his or her cell phone service expenditures. Advancement in wireless technology is "climate proofing", where wireless communication devices are designed to fit the climatic conditions of the country they are to be distributed and marketed to ("A social ecology of wireless technology"). Currently, the U.S. is still far away from its dream of being the wireless communication heaven that it envisions around the turn of the 21st century. Wireless communications today is not just limited to voice calls and the introduction of SMS, MMS and IM have already gained some leverage in significant market spots as well as providing consumers more communication options. Other wireless options aside from SMS, MMS and IM available are mobile games, MP3's and other non-communication applications are popular today ("U.S. Wireless Business Users.."). Type of Device Wireless Users Expect to Use Device Next 12Months Next 24 Months Data-centric 39% 19% Voice-centric 43% 72% Desktop/Notebook PC 10% 4% Other 9% 5% Source: ResearchPortal.com Furthermore the advent of convergence all over the world has spurned several useful applications. Among these is the ability to avail of different communication services across several formats and platforms. These leaps and bounds in technology has been sped up by the liberalization of international trade which permitted the advancement of international digital communications networks which puts forward several services and options beyond their national limits (Gillwald). The need for regulating the wireless world Breakthroughs and advancements in technology start with the inventor developing his invention in the hopes that he can sell it for profit. When the development of the new technology is successful, the new product is eventually introduced in the market and several trade and intellectual laws and regulations are applied to it. The acquisition of a paten may take a long time or may only be possible under certain circumstances. Today, the digital work is in constant risk of being attacked by unscrupulous people, particularly hackers who deliberately alter or destroy crucial data as it please them. Hacking may lead into bigger conflicts,

Deep Vein Thrombosis PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deep Vein Thrombosis - PowerPoint Presentation Example Immediate concerns with a diagnosis of DVT are stroke and pulmonary embolism, as the clot in his leg could break off and cause either of these potentially fatal situations. Mr. Roberts denies any chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, or headaches, indicating he is not currently at risk for these concerns. DVT Cause It is important to understand the cause of Mr. Roberts’s DVT to prevent future clots and to increase positive outcomes of his treatment. One of the biggest causes of DVT is surgery. Often times, surgeons can damage venous walls or intercellular matrix, releasing clotting factors and causing DVTs (sloc.org). Mr. Roberts has not had any recent surgery indicating that this is probably not the cause of his DVT. DVT can also be caused by obesity and a sedentary lifestyle (sloc.org). Mr. Roberts’s BMI indicates that this is probably the cause of his DVT. In order to prevent future DVTs, Mr. Roberts should be counseled about increasing daily physical activity, mak ing modifications to his diet, and the use of his hypercholesterolemia medication. Another potential cause of Mr. Roberts’s DVT is his hypercholesterolemia. Increased lipids in the blood can form clots, which can lodge in the deep veins of the extremities and cause a DVT in some cases (sloc.org). Mr. Roberts’s DVT is probably exacerbated by his discontinuation of his hypercholesterolemia medication, as this behavior would increase his lipids and potentially add to previous clots or form new ones. In addition to his treatment regimen, Mr. Roberts should be counseled on the dangers of quitting his hypercholesterolemia medication without consulting medical personnel. Treatment Regimen There are two parts to Mr. Roberts’s treatment regimen: initial treatment and maintained treatment. The purpose of the initial treatment should be controlling Mr. Robert’s partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and his INR while attempting to dissolve the clot in his leg. To achieve this, heparin is given initially in a bolus dose at 80 units/kg. After this initial bolus dose, Mr. Roberts will be on a maintenance dose of heparin at 16 units/kg. For Mr. Roberts, this means a 7000 unit bolus dose and a maintenance dose of 1640 units/hour which will continue for ten days. These doses were developed based on formulas posted on the accompanying powerpoint presentation, and were based off of calculated dosage weight (surgery.ucsf.edu). During these ten days, Mr. Roberts’s PTT needs to be monitored every 6 hours until 2 consecutive in-range tests are performed. Adjustments to the dosage can be made based on the provided chart. Once in range, PTTs need to be done every 24 hours. After ten days, Mr. Roberts should be evaluated and hopefully can discontinue his heparin regimen. The maintained treatment portion of Mr. Roberts’s treatment regimen is warfarin. When beginning warfarin, an initial INR needs to be taken in order to calculate an accurate dose. Ba sed on Mr. Roberts age, BMI, and use of hypercholesterolemia medications, 3mg was decided as an appropriate starting dose. Mr. Roberts’s INR should be measured daily and I have recommended an at home testing device. Mr. Roberts dose will need to be adjusted to make sure his INR falls in the target range of 2-3. Mr. Roberts will continue the warfarin daily until he can successfully maintain an INR of 2-3 without it. This should take between three and six months, but could potentially take longer

Criminal Justice, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal Justice, - Essay Example This is because the criminal justice system of the United States acts as a benchmark of the most developed justice system in the world making it a basic eternal model. The crime control model works efficiently within the criminal justice system by punishing crime and in the process serving as the best tool to detour the occurrence of criminal behavior. It is important to note that the due process model and the crime control model are two frameworks within the criminal justice system under conflict throughout the world for many years. Proponents of the due process model hold that nobody can deprive of life of any individual, freedom, and material wealth including property disregarding the legal processes as well as safeguards. The due process framework requires the criminal justice system to protect the rights of nay person charged with crime. However, the crime control framework for enforcing law bases on the assumption of complete reliability of facts collected by police officers and handles people arrested by the disciplined forces as guilty. In this case, the arrestees are guilty and proceed to the courts to prove their innocence. On the other hand, the due process considers the arrestees innocent and assigns the criminal justice system the responsibility of proving that they are guilty. This marks the first difference between the due process and the crime control model. The two frameworks present the most competing models within the criminal justice system and result in the ever-increasing tension bringing d isharmony and conflict presently observable within the same system. The models aim at challenging crime but insist on issuing the most appropriate justice to both the law enforcers and the arrestees. Professor Herbert, designed the due process model to make sure that people arrested and charged with crime have their rights protected and receive fair trial as well as judgment. The model insists on the

Quality Engineering Management of 3D Printing Research Proposal

Quality Engineering Management of 3D Printing - Research Proposal Example The introduction of the 3D printer has been one of the most remarkable examples of technological advancements through which, the users are allowed to transform any form of digital file into a physical product of three-dimensional innovations. 3D printing is highly customizable and the users can produce their desired three-dimensional objects according to their choices. The development of 3D printing has served beneficial for various manufacturing industries, creative industries, as well as within the dimension of research and education. However, there are various challenges and problems of 3D printing technology, essential to solving in order to improve the quality of output, which will be discussed in the research study. 3D printing has contributed much to the industrial sectors and individuals with its technology through which, a digital file can easily be converted into a three dimensional object. However, there are certain problems encountered when implementing the technology tha t is negatively affecting the users to obtain a desired and reliable outcome. 3D printing is used almost in every manufacturing industry such as automobiles, apparels, aircraft and firearms among others.Moreover, the technology has also contributed much in the film industries for adding various special effects to creations, especially when developing animated movies. The problems in the technology of 3D printing will negatively influence the output produced by these industries that will ultimately affect the performance of the industries.

Adam Smith and Karl Polanyi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adam Smith and Karl Polanyi - Essay Example The basic mechanisms include (a) regulation of market transactions, (b) regulation of market participants, (c) disputes resolution and enforcement actions, and (d) pre-commitment of resources (Polanyi and Karl 34). According to Polanyi and Karl (1944), market economy implies a self-regulating system of markets in which there are various human processes involved. They iclude: technological processes, learning processes and economic processes that involves human activities. Commercial societies, they claim that the free-market system of property rights, freedom of contract, and other liberty rights – the â€Å"negative† right of individuals to peacefully pursue their own ends – is impersonal and dehumanizing, or even inherently divisive and adversarial. While market societies are controlled market (Polanyi and Karl 47). Karl Polanyi remains one of the most cogent critics of neoclassical economics. As an alternative to the market society, he emphasizes the embedded-ness of economic activities and institutions and the historical relativity of economic concept (Polanyi and Karl 35). Karl Polanyi denounced the â€Å"economist prejudice† found in both the market liberalism of Ludwig von Mises and the communism of Karl Marx, Polanyi and Karl (1944). Polanyi drew his own inspiration from Christian social thought and yearned for â€Å"a Christian spirited guild life. He also had an objection to the "ruling economic class", or "the richest 1%", having undue influence on government policies and that this situation reflects a "failure of democratic representation" for the middle and lower classes, or the "other 99% (Polanyi and Karl 47). A self-regulating market demands nothing less than the institutional separation of society into an economic and political sphere. Such a dichotomy is, in effect, merely the restatement, from the point of view of society as a whole, of the existence of a self-regulating market, Polanyi and Karl (1944). It

Quality Engineering Management of 3D Printing Research Proposal

Quality Engineering Management of 3D Printing - Research Proposal Example The introduction of the 3D printer has been one of the most remarkable examples of technological advancements through which, the users are allowed to transform any form of digital file into a physical product of three-dimensional innovations. 3D printing is highly customizable and the users can produce their desired three-dimensional objects according to their choices. The development of 3D printing has served beneficial for various manufacturing industries, creative industries, as well as within the dimension of research and education. However, there are various challenges and problems of 3D printing technology, essential to solving in order to improve the quality of output, which will be discussed in the research study. 3D printing has contributed much to the industrial sectors and individuals with its technology through which, a digital file can easily be converted into a three dimensional object. However, there are certain problems encountered when implementing the technology tha t is negatively affecting the users to obtain a desired and reliable outcome. 3D printing is used almost in every manufacturing industry such as automobiles, apparels, aircraft and firearms among others.Moreover, the technology has also contributed much in the film industries for adding various special effects to creations, especially when developing animated movies. The problems in the technology of 3D printing will negatively influence the output produced by these industries that will ultimately affect the performance of the industries.

Child Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Child Development - Essay Example This report stresses that the childhood of the anti-socials had been full of negligence and deprival which has sucked out all their humanity and fellow feelings. Same can be said about children who spend their childhood in an orphanage where there is no one to specially care for each child. Such children spend a childhood of depression and when they grow up, often develop pessimistic approach towards life. Moreover, since the commencement of human civilization, human beings have learnt to depend on one another to satisfy their basic needs. Thus the nature of dependence on one another is the integral feature of mankind. Now, if a child is deprived of his right at the start of the life, this will obviously hamper the natural growth and development of its mind and consequently develop a sense of loneliness at a later stage in life. This paper makes a conclusion that proper care is very important for a child to help it grow up into an ideal human being and lead a normal life. This care must be selfless and unconditional in nature, which can only be expected from a child’s mother. Researchers have found how a traumatic and painful childhood can hamper the proper mental development of a child, sometimes even leading a person to develop negative feelings towards the society. This is why sensitive mothering is very important for a child.

The Equal Opportunity In Education Education Essay

The Equal Opportunity In Education Education Essay Thesis Statement: The most challenging issue in Indonesia now is equality opportunity in education, especially for Indigenous People. There is the complicate problem which is faced by government to provide Indigenous People with the equal opportunity in education. Furthermore, Government has obligations to make education available, accessible, acceptable, and adaptable. Although Government has allocated 20% budgetary as stated on Constitution to improve both quality and quantity of education for people, Indigenous People can not access it properly. The consequence is that indigenous people has difficulty to take a part of development country generally. 2. Body Indigenous people are inclusive of original tribe in Indonesia. Base on statistic, the amount of them is estimated around 2 million. Detached tribe or indigenous people will be the complex social problem in global development change while at the same time of they are urged progressively because of the alteration forest function effect; in this situation they are forced to make contact directly with the governmental and common society. Actually, Government believe that indigenous people are potential society for the aims of integration nation and development, so that is required to develop them properly, such as the equal opportunity in education. 2.1. Migrating Behaviour 2.1.1. The indigenous people are backwardness society whom live in isolated place and move from place to place in small group (Sirimorok, 2008). 2.2. Motivation of Indigenous People to Study 2.2.1. Indigenous people desired knowledge, but failed to realize their goals because their nomadic life in the forest limits opportunities for education, furthermore in order to help their parents with traditional duties (Arizal, 2008). 2.3. Villagers Perspective of Indigenous People 2.3.1. Custom community is often viewed Indigenous People as uncivilized and wild society (Napitupulu, 2009). 2.4. The Government Strategy to Support Indigenous People Obtaining the Equal Opportunity in Education 2.4.1. The Education System based on Local Wisdom The local wisdom education is an education method being based on contiguity of experience (Dunia Anak Rimba, 2009). 3. Conclusion Government have to conduct the system education based on indigenous people requirement and local wisdom. It will involve them to participate in development and encourage maintaining the culture and tradition as State asset of indigenous people. 4. Bibliography Arizal, J. (2008, Oct 10). Jambis Kubu Tribes People Hope for Positive Change Through Education. Retrieved from http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/10/15/jambi039s-kubu-tribespeople-hope-positive-change-education.html. Dunia Anak Rimba. (2009). Sekilas Sekolah Rimba (In a Flash of Jungle School). Retrieved from http://perpustakaanrimba.wordpress.com. Napitupulu, E., L. (2009, August 11). Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Tidak Menghargai Hak Anak-anak Suku Terasing (National Education System is never Esteem Indigenous Children Rights). Retrieved from http://www.tribunpekanbaru.com. Prasetijo (2009). Paradigma Pemerintah dari Masyarakat Terasing ke Komunitas Adat Terpencil (Governmental Paradigm from Detached Society to Cloistered Custom Community). Retrieved from http://prasetijo.wordpress.com. Sirimorok, N. (2008, Sept 08). Mansur Samin, The Predecessor of Andrea Hirata. Retrieved from http://www.panyingkul.com/view.php?id=958jenis=kabarkita.

Problems With Standardized Testing Essay -- Standardized Testing Essay

In Standardized Testing and Its Victims, an article written for Education Week, Alfie Kohn states: Standardized testing has swelled and mutated, like a creature in one of those old horror movies, to the point that it now threatens to swallow our schools whole.... Our children are tested to an extent that is unprecedented in our history and unparalleled anywhere else in the world. While previous generations of American students have had to sit through tests, never have the tests been given so frequently, and never have they played such a prominent role in schooling. (1) Kohn accurately describes one of the main flaws in America’s education system: standardized testing. According to the article No Child Left Behind, legislation passed in 2002 requires schools to submit scores to the state every year for evaluation (1). Originally intended to be used for improvement, the scores of these annual assessments are overused and have become the sole representation of a school’s success. It is nearly impossible to create an advanced future by reforming schools based on an unreliable assessment tool. Standardized testing is an inaccurate measurement of a student’s abilities because it ignores other forms of aptitude, discriminates against certain students, and negatively affects education methods. Standardized testing piles an immense amount of pressure onto all parties involved. A report compiled by Joan L. Herman and Shari Golan entitled Effects of Standardized Testing on Teachers and Learning– Another Look explains the main causes of pressure from standardized testing. School districts use the scores to evaluate teachers and hold teachers accountable for the scores. Insufficient performance could endanger the teacher’s job and poten... ...a.edu/products/reports/Tech334.pdf Hicks, Molly G. â€Å"The Cons of Standardized Testing.† Standardized Testing. n.p., 2005. Web. 14 April 2012. http://astro.temple.edu/~mhicks/standardizedtestingcon.html â€Å"How Standardized Testing Damages Education.† Fairtest. n.p., 20 Aug 2007. Web. 17 April 2012. http://www.fairtest.org/facts/howharm.htm Kohn, Alfie. â€Å"Standardized Testing and Its Victims.† Education Week. Editorial Projects in Education, 27 Sep. 2000. Web. 15 April 2012. http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2000/09/27/04kohn.h20.html â€Å"No Child Left Behind.† Education Week. Editorial Projects in Education, 19 Sep. 2011. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. http://www.fairtest.org/facts/howharm.htm Young, Katie. â€Å"What’s So Bad About Standardized Testing?† Standardized Testing. Michigan State University, n.d. Web. 17 April 2012. https://www.msu.edu/~youngka7/cons.html

Boston Massacre Essay -- essays research papers

The Boston Massacre is considered by many historians to be the first battle of the Revolutionary War. The fatal incident happened on March 5 of 1770. The massacre resulted in the death of five colonists. British troops in the Massachusetts Bay Colony were there to stop demonstrations against the Townshend Acts and keep order, but instead they provoked outrage. The British soldiers and citizens brawled in streets and fought in bars. “The citizens viewed the British soldiers as potential oppressors, competitors for jobs, and a treat to social mores'; (Mahin 1). A defiant anti-British fever was lingering among the townspeople.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are three major things that led to the Boston Massacre: First was the growing mistrust among the British soldiers and Americans. There were a number of other incidents were the British clashed with the patriots and their supporters. Individual soldiers were beaten on street corners and soldiers abused unarmed civilians. In all the Americans in Boston made it clear that the British soldiers were unwanted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second reason is somewhat odd. The removal of two out of four regiments meant there were to inadequate amounts of soldiers to keep the peace. There were enough on the other hand to remind the patriots of the great British military.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The last reason would be the revolt of the Townshend Acts. The patriots and Americans did not agree and strife with the British soldiers over it. The Act built tension between the two. (Griswold 23) On March 5, 1770 the dreadful day came. A mob of people went in front of the Customs Office in Boston Massachusetts and started to throw stuff and give insults at the soldiers. As a result to this so-called harassment the soldiers fired on the crowd. The first to die was a black man named Crispus Attucks. He was a native of Frainghan, Massachusetts. He escaped from slavery in 1750 and had become a sailor. Crispus Attucks is considered the first martyr of the American Independence (Mahin 1). The four others who died were Samuel gray, a rope maker; James Caldwell, a sailor; Samuel Maverick, a seventeen year old apprentice and Patrick Carr, a leather worker and Irish immigrant. All in which were unarmed and brutally murdered. The soldiers killed three, mortally wounded two others, and wounded six. How much ha... ...at were stationed in Boston were guilty for many other crimes. I think either the soldiers should have been guilty for firing without an order or that Preston should have been guilty for giving the order to fire. According to Liesenfelt, the eight men said they were following Preston orders and should be tried at one time (1). So the soldiers are saying they were following orders which means Preston is guilty. Also three black witnesses gave testimony that they did hear an order to fire by Preston. Then again a merchant said he did not hear an order. Either way the soldiers and/or Preston should have been guilty. I think it a lot easier to miss something said than to be hearing things. So the evidence is there that Preston gave an order to fire. I feel the verdict of the trial of the Boston Massacre should have been “guilty';. The victims were unarmed and brutally murdered. I soldier enraged the citizens and were guilty of many other crimes. The order to fire give from Preston proves he’s guilty of the crime of manslaughter. My conclusion is that the soldiers and/or Preston are guilty. “Half a pale of blood had been spilled into he snow'; (Mahin 2).

Morality and Importance of Moral Values

Raising a family in a society that is fast-paced and ever changing can make it confusing to know just which values to teach your children. As a general rule, it’s up to you to teach your children what to believe, and how they should live their lives. But when it comes to teaching and instilling moral values, I’d love to pass on a few values to teach your children from a young age. These are simple and common everyday values that are quickly fading from our younger generation. Read on to discover what they are!1. RESPECTOne of the most important values to teach your children is respect. Having worked in several daycare facilities, I’ve seen children who have no respect for authority at all. It’s exasperating to the teacher, and to the parent when they arrive to pick up their kids. By teaching your kids respect, you are doing the world, yourself, and your child a favor! Life will go much easier for them with a little respect under their hat. If you have got to give a speech on moral values you have to stress the significance of moral values in life and should never ignore them. Here are some things you may use so that you can present this essential subject to your audience.You can say moral values are necessary because the Bible instructs us to be moral. Actually, during history moral values have been the foundation of our education. First of all mom and dad, then school, and finally universities and colleges were instructing us to be kind, honest, sincere, warmhearted, and so on. Religion used to be one of the most effective instruments to instill moral values into people. Religion has been getting rid of its impact in many states around the globe. These days it is still vital to many, but only for a segment of lots of societies. Moral values are still widely used as a debate topic, but regrettably they are often no that significant for a lot of people.The importance of moral values in life is one thing nobody can seriously argue with , despite the fact that today it is a popular practice. Many well known film and popular music superstars, political figures, and other successful people speak about liberal values – freedom of expression, religious beliefs, a hedonistic lifestyle, etc. Their point is that individual freedom is the most significant value to fight for! No person can  make you do what you do not want to do, so you are free to be bad or kind, sincere, or not – it is your individual decision, and everyone have to appreciate it.That is why it's acceptable to abuse alcohol, take drugs, and be impolite, rude or even cruel – if you prefer to act like that, it is your right. Freedom is the only value! Needless to say, liberal values are not that awful. The problem is they in some way destroy the moral foundation of the modern society. When the Bible is no longer the primary instructor of moral behavior, at least, for Christians, there's a risk people will stop thinking about moral valu es as important.This is currently happening in most liberal democratic nations in comparison to traditional Eastern ones, where the religious impact of Islam is still big. We may discuss the political regimes of those states, and the exercise of individual freedom and human rights there, but there’s a thing most people will agree with – they stress the importance of moral values in life; it's the key component of their tradition.Speech on Moral Values and the Importance of Moral Values in Life: Are They truly Important?In your speech on moral values you have to find out the actual importance of moral values in life. In the modern world of income oriented individuals it's hard to stay a moral person; nevertheless it's not extremely hard. Many do. Every single day we hear that a lot of people are murdered by criminals; in a number of states they brazenly shoot and kill rival gangs members on the streets all simply because of money.Cash is the value. Not kindness or princ iples. Not morals. Greed for money is the only driving force of these people! Every single day we see how people tell a lie, do everything possible to have the job they need, even it demands that they do something awful, against the law, or immoral. Young men try to have a girl they wish without any idea about moral values. This ought to help you with materials for your speech on moral values. We realize the significance of moral values in life, don’t we? And right now, after having a short speech on moral values, we're ready to write a moral values essay.Moral Values Essay: Writing TipsWhen writing your moral values essay do not forget to stick to the structure. Your essay should contain an introduction, a body paragraph and a conclusion. Moreover, your moral values essay should present your own point of view on the topic. In fact, you may use the ideas listed above and support them with your additional thoughts. When summarizing your essay, give your readers a clear conclus ion on the importance of moral values in our life.Speech on Moral Values and Moral Values Essay: HelpIf you continue to think your speech on moral values or your moral values essay can not be done without qualified help, or you simply lack the spare time to do it on your own – professional writing company is ready to assist you! We have authors skilled in different disciplines. Furthermore, all of them have a Masters degree or a PhD; so composing an essay or a speech for university won't be a problem for them. It'll be created from scratch in accordance to your recommendations and within your deadline.Besides, you'll also get: Absolutely free on-line 24/7 help. Free of charge proofreading and editing. Free of charge preview of the primary page of your order. The possibility to pick the best writer for your task. You manage the progress of your order, and can easily make corrections. A warranty the work will be plagiarism free. All this is offered at an inexpensive price as we understand students are on restricted budgets.Do not think twice to post your order now and get the finest grades for your written task! We always do our best to please our customers.

Causes and Effect of Poverty Essay

The level of poverty, causes and effects on the Educational sector as well as academic performance of students within the Nigeria is worrisome. Poverty, which forms a specific culture and way of life, is a growing issue in Nigeria. The number of Nigerians living in poverty is continually increasing; hence its effects on students performance. This research focuses on the causes and effects of poverty on the academic performance of pupils in primary school, using primary school within Pankshin Local Government as a case study. To create a comprehensive overview of the study and data collection, both primary and secondary methods were used. The primary method includes the questionnaire while secondary method includes books, articles, results and academics performance of students between 2005 – 2011. Questionnaires were distributed among three (3) randomly chosen primary schools, and the returned questionnaires were collated, analysed and interpreted. The results showed that majority of students in primary schools studied have parents who are living below poverty line subsequently, this affects their performance in school as a result of lack of income. Moreover, majority of the students whose parents are below poverty line have reported cases of different diseases which lead to absenteeism. Lastly, it was observed that some students dropout as a result of inability to pay tuition fees. This research hereby recommends that Government should team up with private bodies to make as well implement policies to reduce poverty. Finally, teachers are advised to inculcate teaching techniques that will help students understand the subject easily in order to perform well.

The Use of Metaphors

SanTianna Simmons ENG 1102 25 April 2013 A metaphor is where you show how two unrelated things are similar. For example by saying â€Å"Love is a roller-coaster. † A key aspect of a metaphor is use a specific transference of a word into another context. The human mind creates comparisons between different things. The best writers use metaphors. Like poetry, a metaphor will express a thousand different meanings all at once, allowing the writer to convey much more content than they could do otherwise.More than playing simple word games, the use of metaphors in your writing can elevate your stories to a place next to the greatest authors in the world. There are many kinds of metaphors: Allegory, catechesis, parables, extended metaphors, etc. An extended metaphor establishes a subject and then extends it further, as in this quote from Shakespeare â€Å"All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. Brian Doyle, Author of â€Å"Joyas Valdoras†, uses the hummingbird metaphor to support his story. The story starts off by grabbing the reader’s attention with a fact. The fact is very interesting. Unless you are someone that studies animals, you would have no idea that a hummingbird’s heart is the size of a pencil, or that it beats ten times per second. After I read the first sentence, I was instantly interested to see what more the author had to say. He got the name, Joyas Valdoras, from a reference by early Spanish settlers. It means flying jewels.They called these creatures flying jewels because they had never seen anything like them before. They would fly around quickly all day, reproducing and collecting nectar. Doyle then goes on to add more facts about hummingbirds and their incredible hearts. Hummingbirds can fly up to 500 miles without stopping to rest, however they can get burned out. Whenever humming b irds get burned out, it can become fatal. Although Doyle’s allusion to hummingbirds was interesting, I don’t think he meant for his story to simply be a story about humming birds.He also goes on to talk about the blue whale, an animal having the largest heart in the world. He gives us interesting facts about that animal also, but this still does not justify why he was even writing the story, for if he had wanted his readers to be informed only about animals, he’d have put these facts in a science book instead. I think Doyle was relating the animal’s hearts with that of human hearts. He said sometimes humming birds get burned out without even knowing what they’re doing is dangerous. Humans also do the same thing.Today’s world is very fast paced. Sometimes we don’t have time to rest or do anything of that nature. We do it, without knowing how unhealthy to the body and spirit that is. He also alludes that the heart is a very strong thing . Not just our physical heart, but our emotional and spiritual heart as well. So much can happen to someone’s heart. It can go through the most joy, excitement, hurt and pain and still beat at the end of the day. I think the way Doyle transitions form talking about hummingbirds and whales to something so emotional was very effective.He makes it easy for us to relate to his story because he keeps us so involved. I felt as if he was ready the story to me instead of the other way around. Sian-Pierre Regis stated â€Å"As should be obvious by now, Doyle is doing far more than describing the hearts of various animals. In explaining about the hearts of animals, he has subtly been drawing us into this reality: â€Å"We all churn inside. † In this creation there is unimaginable beauty (â€Å"flying jewels†) and there is excruciating pain (â€Å"a brilliant music stilled†).And so finally, we are led to his masterful ending and the real point of this whole piece. If you’ve read this far, I encourage you to take a minute and quiet your heart. Let yourself feel these words. It may hurt, but it will almost certainly heal as well. In giving an overview of the hearts of creatures, Doyle ends with this: â€Å"So much held in a heart in lifetime. So much held in a heart in day, and hour, a moment. We are utterly open with no one, in the end–not mother and father, not wife or husband, not lover, not child, not friend.We open windows to each but we live alone in the house of the heart. Perhaps we must. Perhaps we could not bear to be so naked, for fear of a constantly harrowed heart. When young we think there will come one person who will savor and sustain us always; when we are older we know this is the dream of a child, that all hearts finally are bruised and scarred, scored and torn, repaired by time and will, patched by force of character, yet fragile and rickety forevermore, no matter how ferocious the defense and how many bricks you bring to the wall.You can brick up your heart as stout and tight and hard and cold and impregnable as you possibly can and down it comes in an instant, felled by a woman’s second glance, a child’s apple breath, the shatter of glass in the road, the words I have something to tell you, a cat with a broken spine dragging itself into the forest to die, the brush of your mother’s papery ancient hand in the thicket of your hair, the memory of your father’s voice early in the morning echoing from the kitchen where he is making pancakes for his children. †Ã¢â‚¬  The article â€Å"A Metaphorical Analysis of Martin Luther King Jr. s ‘I Have a Dream Speech,’† by Joe Ciesinski, to me is an aide to help understand the metaphors Dr. Martin Luther King used within his famous speech ‘I have a Dream. ’ Ciesinski cited other’s opinions about the speech which also was another great source of helping understand the speech. W ithin the article, the question â€Å"What does ‘I Have a Dream’ mean to me† was asked. To me, when someone asks me what does ‘I Have a Dream’ mean to me, I would say that it makes me feel as if the color of my skin or my sex should never be a factor of why I can’t do anything that I want to do. Anybody should be capable of saying the same.Ciesinski believes that ‘I Have a Dream’ would not only speak about problems in America, but that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr would call upon all citizens of the United States to enact change and correct the injustices that would occur throughout our nation. â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr. contrasts light and dark metaphors when he states, â€Å"this momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves, who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. †Ã¢â‚¬  (Ciesinski) The previous quote to me sums up the entire ‘I Have a Dream’ speech.It focuses on the struggles of colored people and how the nation needs to take the time out to notice that these hate crimes need to come to an end. Overall, I think Ciesinski’s metaphorical analysis is a great help to distinguish the true meaning and break down of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. ’s speech. I also believe that he used good sources to help apprehend the famous speech. â€Å"It is a stark metaphor, an accusation articulated in bluntly economic terms. The Declaration of Independence implied, and later the Emancipation Proclamation promised, meaningful freedom to African Americans. But the promise was never fulfilled. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked ‘insufficient funds,† King said. This part of the speech has been mostly forgotten, swamped in collective memory by the soaring rhetoric of K ing’s peroration. When initial renderings for the new Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial were first unveiled, they included a prominent place for the promissory-note metaphor, but as the project went forward the quotation was deemed â€Å"too confrontational† and dropped from the final design. What is best remembered from the Dream speech is, in fact, not original to it.The thrilling incantation, the cries of â€Å"let freedom ring,† the litany of place names (the snowcapped Rockies, the molehills of Mississippi), the lines borrowed from the biblical books of Amos and Isaiah, the quotations from spirituals and patriotic songs — none of this material was original to the speech King gave on the Mall. Most of it was recycled, an impromptu decision by King to reuse some of the best applause lines he had tested in Georgia, North Carolina, Alabama and, only weeks earlier, in Detroit. † Stated by Philip Kennicott. Short talks by Anne Carson was an ar ticle full of miniature lectures with a different meaning for each one.Some of the short articles were confusing but the others caught my attention. An article in Short Talks that was easily understood was ON WALKING BACKWARDS. ON WALKING BACKWARDS was about how as a child Carson states â€Å"My mother would forbid us to walk backwards. That is how the dead walk, she would say. † Carson goes on to say that she had no understanding where that specific superstition came from. Later to break the quote down, the dead doesn’t walk backwards but they do walk behind us with no lungs to breath or cannot call but would love for us to turn around.Superstitions are to be used and known all across the world. According to Keisha Stephen-Gittens from Outlish Magazine quotes â€Å"Since I was a child, I used to hear my grandmother telling my mother that if she came home after midnight, she better had walk in the house backwards so that spirits don’t follow her inside. Thatâ⠂¬â„¢s funny, because many of us feters would have some ‘back walking’ to do. So, I was surprised to find that almost 60% of the persons I randomly surveyed still do this today. I followed this superstition religiously until I moved out on my own, and then, ironically, I would just ook left, right and around before I entered my apartment. You’d think I would be really afraid – and in a way yes, but I was looking for bandits, not spirits. However, the way things goin’ these days, is bess we look for both yes! We’ve also been told to close doors facing the outside so that spirits don’t follow you inside. There are other superstitions about spirits and death and our older folks would tell these with a passion and intensity that would send you to bed quivering, wanting a pillow to hug up and sleeping with one eye open.If you’re alone in the house and you hear someone call your name, would you answer? I won’t. The ole folks us ed to say do not answer, ’cause it could be a spirit calling. I think this is a given. I’ve watched too many horror movies to know what the outcome of THAT could be. † Jon Eben Field states â€Å"The female body is a powerful signifier in these poems. † Short Talks invokes the last thirty years of Camille Claudel's life in an asylum (Claudel was a French sculptor who worked from 1884 to 1898 as an assistant to Auguste Rodin).After noting that Claudel broke all the sculpting stone given to her, Carson writes, â€Å"Night was when her hands grew, huger and huger until in the photograph they are like two parts of someone else loaded onto her knees. † Claudel's hands are both her own and not her own; they have grown through disuse and misuse. But the absence is discovered in the formless broken stones that are buried with these hands, now so gargantuan. In â€Å"Short Talk On Rectification,† Carson depicts the infamous relationship between Franz Kafka and Felice Bauer: â€Å"Kafka liked to have his watch an hour and a half fast. Felice kept setting it right.Nonetheless for five years they almost married. † Ultimately, it is the body of Felice that overwhelms Kafka, for as Carson writes, â€Å"When advised not to speak by the doctors in the sanatorium, he left glass sentences all over the floor. Felice, says one of them, had too much nakedness left in her. † This signals the second most pervasive theme of these poems, the devastating plenitude of too much. † Eula Biss’ The Pain Scale is about how no matter how much something is painful, no pain lasts forever. Throughout the article Biss gives examples of pain as she goes from 0 to 10 on a pain scale.She gives examples like if you are at a zero, you feel no pain therefore you could be fine. If you are at a 1, you could take some aspirin and be fine the next day. If you are at an 8 you might need some examining. If you are at a nine then, you are suf fering and it gets even worse at a level ten which is unbearable. The Pain Scale, Eula Biss claims that no pain lasts forever. Biss goes on to say that when you experience the pain regardless of how bad the pain is, once the pain goes away; you can’t feel the pain anymore. I got a feeling that the author is indifferent to pain and does not know how to feel or describe it.I felt that the author’s mind is being guided by what her father use to tell her. She does not know how to describe what she is feeling or think for herself. The author feels as if excruciating pain does not exist. She sees zero as a number that does not do the same thing as the other numbers and she uses biblical illusions concerning Jesus.. The author goes back and forth from her pain theory and analysis, to her current pain situation. She is obviously feeling some pain but she thinks the face chart does not help her know what level she is that. She lies to the doctor to not seem foolish but really s he does have great pain.The author thinks that if she admits to her great physical pain, she will seem pathetic and exaggerated. The author has apparent physical pain but also mental trauma from her father the physician. Her psychological pain I think is greater than her physical one in a couple of ways. I agree with Biss on this issue. Overall, I believe that no pain lasts forever. If a person were to ask another how something felt, they could never sit there and visualize the full effect of that pain right then and there unless you go through the same pain again at the time being.Our Secret by Susan Griffin is a hybrid of memoir, history, and journalism, and is built with these discrete strands: the Holocaust; women affected by World War II directly or indirectly in their treatment by husbands and fathers; the harsh, repressive boyhood of Heinrich Himmler, who grew up to command Nazi rocketry and became the key architect of Jewish genocide; the testimony of a man scarred by war; a nd Griffin’s own desperately unhappy family life and harsh, repressed girlhood.In between these chunks are short italic passages of just a few sentences on cell biology—for instance, how the shell around the nucleus of the cell allows only some substances to pass through—and on the development of guided missiles in Germany and, later, by many of the same scientists, in the United States, where nuclear warheads were added and the ICBM created. Researching her book in Paris, Griffin meets a woman, Helene, who survived one of Himmler’s death camps.She’d been turned in by another Jew and tracked down using a net of information—a system tracing back to Himmler’s boyhood diaries—collected on cards and sent to the Gestapo for duplication and filing, the work of countless men and women. In the article â€Å"Translating Translation: Finding the Beginning,† Alberto Alvaro Rios claims that the act is the translation by presenting t ranslation as a metaphor and how cultures are different. Rios goes on to say that how something is said, the language can be figured.In Rios’ article, he had multiple examples of how cultures are different. Some of the examples that he expressed where how a man was put in jail, forgotten about and never said anything, how his house painting went wrong when he was young, and how Rios had a misinterpretation about fighting. I agree with Rios on this issue when he stated that learning languages can be similar to looking through a set of binoculars. Overall, I believe that it is true that the simplest word can have many definitions and interpretations.For example: when Rios moved into his new home when he was younger. His mother wanted the wall to be yellow but the Mexican thought she wanted it to be lime green due to the fact that said â€Å"limon. † Another example was when the boy asked how many fights has he had. The boy meant physical fighting but Rios meant the fight he has had learning a new language. I believe that the metaphors were very effective because they helped understand the main key points Rios was trying to make.Alberto Rios states â€Å"Linguists, by using electrodes on the vocal cords, have been able to demonstrate that English has tenser vowels than, for example, Spanish. The body itself speaks a language differently, so that moving from one language to another is more than translating words. It's getting the body ready as well. It's getting the heart ready along with the mind. I've been intrigued by this information. It addresses the physicality of language in a way that perhaps surprises us.In this sense, we forget that words aren't simply what they mean – they are also physical acts. I often talk about the duality of language using the metaphor of binoculars, how by using two lenses one might see something better, closer, with more detail. The apparatus, the binoculars, are of course physically clumsy – as is th e learning of two languages, and all the signage and so on that this entails – they're clumsy, but once put to the eyes a new world in that moment opens up to us.And it's not a new world at all – it's the same world, but simply better seen, and therefore better understood. † Overall, metaphors will elevate your writing, taking something plain and transforming it into something beautiful. Poetry is full of metaphors. If you need to, use one of your rewriting cycles just to add metaphors to your story. Imagine how greater your story will be with the use of metaphors. Metaphors will free up your imagination, which will take your story in directions you may not have planned on. Enjoy the surprises that metaphors will bring to you!

Case anasis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case anasis - Essay Example In the blink of an eye Groupon.com serves more than 150 business sectors in North America and 100 businesses in Europe, Asia and South America and has a populace faithfulness of 35 million enrolled clients. One of the quickest developing organizations ever, Groupon and its most recent day by day arrangements were news the business media couldnt oppose. From the nearby corner bread kitchen to national retailers, for example, Gap, sizzling offers were anticipated to triple Groupons 50 million endorsers by the end of the year. Anyhow while the spotlight remained concentrated on the feature "characteristic" bargains, Groupon was quietly trying new models to stretch this center stage. In late 2010, the organization presented Groupon Stores, an administration toward oneself model that outfitted stores with the instruments to fabricate their own particular advancements. Bargains head and prime supporter Eric Lefkofsky pondered that when clients could "go on their own and set up an arrangement, Groupon might turn into their business method," implying yet an alternate new plot of the business, Merchant Services. That said, Lefkofsky immediately forewarn that such lighter-touch models were still new and spoke to only one faction of the numerous tests Groupon was running. By March 2011, Groupon confronted three noteworthy rivals in the day by day arrangements scene: Livingsocial, Bloomspot, and Buywithme. Except for Livingsocial, Groupon was supposed to be ten times the span of different rivals in the space; Exhibit 3 gives more insights about piece of the overall industry. Despite the fact that a group of other "blaze deal" models, for example, Gilt Groupe and Ruelala had additionally risen and could be approximately interpreted as contenders, most organizations in this basin were more concentrated on clearing stock for well-known national brands as opposed to on helping SMBs to enhance their incomes through buzz,

Wester Civilization II paper #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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FEA program - Assignment Example In the past, primitive models were used to come up with models with some having to exemplify on and model using hands. In as much as this is relatively good, the time spent and the accuracy of these models varied tremendously leading to errors. However, with an increase in technological aspects of the engineering environment, it is imperative to connote the ease in simulation that is made possible by improved technology. Many simulation programs exist depending on the field of application. For example, when dealing with simulation of circuits a program like Circuit Maker or in animation, Autodesk are just a few examples. In this assignment, the learner utilizes Ansys Workbench as the Computer Aided Engineering simulation program. The main reason for utilization of this software program is such that it will be possible to show divergent aspects of a simulation including loading, constraints, and cosmos to analysis and component performance. The beauty of this exemplification is in the fact that all the simulation is done in the context of engineering thus it becomes possible to understand various aspects of a component. All these elements and considerations tend to rely on finite element methods. It is good to note that when dealing with finite elements, a complex problem is subdivided into smaller actual problems such that the complexity of the problem is consistently eliminated by dealing with the problem in piecemeal form. History suggests that the source of finite simulation approach is in the fact that ancient scientists found it hard to deal with complex elasticity as well as structural analysis challenges that are inherent in the world of civil engineering as well as aeronautic engineering (Mori, Osakada & Takaoka 1996). To be able to solve these challenges, engineers came up with a five-step process that allows them to break the challenge into manageable pieces that are easier to deal with at every stage. The first aspect that has to

Electrons in Atoms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Electrons in Atoms - Research Paper Example This paper sought to study electrons in atoms; their history, science and applications. Both case study and descriptive research designs were employed r. Secondary sources were the main data sources used in this study. The first discovery of an electron was made by Sir John Joseph Thompson when he was studying Mysterious rays, today’s cathode rays in 1898 (Richards). Thompson made a very bold suggestion the mysterious rays were made up particles that were smaller than atoms, which he named corpuscles. Thompson further suggested that corpuscles might be the component of all the matter in an atom (AIP). By then the atom was believed to be the smallest indivisible particle of matter; hence the Thompsons theory was controversial until he, together with other scientists and proved it experimentally. Thompson’s suggestion that cathode rays were made of corpuscles later turned to be electrons, tiny, with a negative charge and the fundamental parts of an atom turned to be correct. In the mid-nineteenth century, an experiment of a glass tube with wires implanted in opposite sides, air pumped out, and a high voltage applied was very popular. Lovely glow patterns were made inside the tube. The experiment was improved by a German physicist in 1859, and the fluorescent glow was produced where the cathode light reached the glass. This experiment was a proof that the cathode emitted some kind ray (AIP). Speculations were made by physicists, including Thompson concerning these mysterious rays. Some thought they were waves like light waves while others, including Thompson thought they were particles. More experiments were made. A magnet was observed to push the rays about. Heinrich Hertz, a German Physicist, noted that the mysterious rays were not deflected by an electric field in a cathode ray tube as was expected for charged particles. More confusion engulfed scientists, and more experiments were needed to resolve the uncertainties. Jean Perrin, a French